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The paper investigates resource, technical, economic and market potential of solar energy and its ecology and economic efficiency in Azerbaijan. The authors have distinguished six regions in the territory of Azerbaijan with differ...
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The paper investigates resource, technical, economic and market potential of solar energy and its ecology and economic efficiency in Azerbaijan. The authors have distinguished six regions in the territory of Azerbaijan with different levels of solar radiation. The resource potential of the regions is calculated by the AutoCad program. As well, technical and economic potential was calculated by special methodology. The authors concluded that Azerbaijan has so much solar energy resource potential and it is possible to replace traditional carbon types of energy with solar energy, even by using the modern technical equipment. However, it is impossible because of economic disadvantages and very low electricity prices. The price of 1 kWh electricity from carbon fuels is several times cheaper than 1 kWh electricity from solar energy. That is why it is difficult to attract investments to develop solar power. There is a necessity to develop a new electricity price policy to stimulate attractiveness of solar power for households and industry.
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In this paper I will suggest a more detailed explanation to the fundamental process of transition between potential and kinetic energy. The suggested explanation will be derived from examining the equilibrium situation of an objec...
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In this paper I will suggest a more detailed explanation to the fundamental process of transition between potential and kinetic energy. The suggested explanation will be derived from examining the equilibrium situation of an object between two fields. The view of the author is that the above equilibrium situation is currently not well understood theoretically and not experimentally investigated enough and that one can learn from the above situation regarding the transition between potential and kinetic energy. The suggested explanation will apply to both gravity and electric potentials. The proposed idea is that the transition between potential and kinetic energy is not continuous but discrete. It is a result of an intrinsic initiation command in an object that owns potential energy. This command is responsible for producing momentum at certain intervals in a discrete manner with variable frequency from the potential energy stored in the object. In order to prove or disprove the above idea, I present five experiments in gravity and electricity, attempting to indirectly measure the initiation command that supposedly generates the transition from the state of potential energy.
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A number of recent experiments have suggested the presence of either real or complex components in the gap symmetry of high-T sub(c) superconductors (HTSC). In this paper we introduce a novel approach to study the competition of s...
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A number of recent experiments have suggested the presence of either real or complex components in the gap symmetry of high-T sub(c) superconductors (HTSC). In this paper we introduce a novel approach to study the competition of such complex order parameter mixtures by varying the position of the two-body attractive potential in a two-dimensional extended Hubbard Hamiltonian. We show that this procedure explains a number of experimental results and on the theoretical side, it may be related with certain HTSC microscopic models like the spin fluctuation theory. Following current trends we concentrate on the study of d sub(x(2)-y(2)) order parameter with a component of the type d sub(xy) or a s-wave-like s sub(x(2)+y(2)) and s sub(xy) symmetry. We show that the position of the optimal s-component peak changes with the position parameter b while the d-component occurs always in the optimal region around hole content rho approximately 0.39. These studies may be useful to interpret some experimental data and to explain why similar experiments yield different gap symmetries.
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An application of the Weather Research and Forecasting model aiming to estimate wind and photovoltaic energy resources over Lesotho is presented. To this scope, the whole year 2015 was simulated in a two-way nesting mode reaching ...
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An application of the Weather Research and Forecasting model aiming to estimate wind and photovoltaic energy resources over Lesotho is presented. To this scope, the whole year 2015 was simulated in a two-way nesting mode reaching 1 km horizontal resolution. Different model parameterizations were tested and compared to available observations, then the best performing simulation was used to elaborate wind and photovoltaic potential maps over Lesotho. Concerning the photovoltaic potential, Lesotho presents a good potential countrywide, having values ranging from around 1600 kWh/kWp to 1750 kWh/kWp, with maxima in the highlands. The results also show that there are many promising areas for wind power exploitation. Zones with higher wind potential are mainly found all along the eastern border with South Africa, from north to south and in general in the highlands. The wind potential exhibits much more variability respect to the photovoltaic one, with estimated energy production ranging from 1000 kWh/ kW up to 4000 kWh/kW. Finally, an evaluation of complementarity of wind and solar electricity generation was done at different time scales, showing that some areas with negative correlation coefficient exist, where it is possible to minimise intermittent production and allowing an optimal integration in the electricity grid. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Role of the non-axial octupole deformation a32(Y32 + Y3-2) on the potential energy of heavy nuclei is studied in a large deformation space. The study is performed within a macroscopic-microscopic approach. A large region of nuclei...
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Role of the non-axial octupole deformation a32(Y32 + Y3-2) on the potential energy of heavy nuclei is studied in a large deformation space. The study is performed within a macroscopic-microscopic approach. A large region of nuclei with proton number 88 ≤Z ≤ 112 and neutron number 128 ≤ N ≤ 156 is considered. It is found that while the a32 deformation alone lowers the energy of the nuclei by up to about 3 MeV (for nuclei around 238Fm), it has practically no effect on the global energy minima of considered nuclei, when the analysis is done in a large space.
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Agricultural biomass residue based energy generation is one of the major focus areas of renewable energy in different countries around the world. A large quantity of biomass residue is generated from agricultural crop production. ...
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Agricultural biomass residue based energy generation is one of the major focus areas of renewable energy in different countries around the world. A large quantity of biomass residue is generated from agricultural crop production. However, the biomass residues are the distributed resources with variation in spatio-temporal availability and its characteristics which their energy potential depends on. Biomass residues are emerged after harvesting of main crops as stalks, straw, stems and leaves, husks, cobs and etc. In this study, agricultural biomass residues energy potential was explored for Turkey using conducted studies of agricultural biomass residues characteristics in several countries located at different geographic regions. Data on characteristics of agricultural biomass residues were used from 16 European Union countries, as well as in India, Cameroon, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Uganda and Turkey. Some residue characteristics such as residue product ratios, moisture levels, and lower heating calorific values of dry matter were taken into account. Furthermore, a mathematical model was defined for the calculation of the energy potential of Turkey's agricultural biomass residues. Theoretical biomass amount and theoretical energy potential, as well as available energy potential values of agricultural biomass residues were determined. The total amounts of biomass residues obtained from arable field crops and horticultural crops in Turkey were estimated as 59,432 kilotonne and 15,652 kilotonne respectively. The theoretical energy potential of these all agricultural biomass residues were calculated as 908,119 TJ and 90,354 TJ, respectively. The available energy potentials from agricultural biomass residues were calculated as 298,955 TJ for arable agricultural field crops and 65,491 TJ for horticultural crops. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The equilibrium geometry, harmonic frequency and bond dissociation energy of lanthanum monochloride have been calculated at B3LYP, MP2, QCISD(T) levels with the energy-consistent Relativistic Effective Core Potentials. The possibl...
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The equilibrium geometry, harmonic frequency and bond dissociation energy of lanthanum monochloride have been calculated at B3LYP, MP2, QCISD(T) levels with the energy-consistent Relativistic Effective Core Potentials. The possible electronic state and reasonable dissociation limit are determined based on atomic and molecular reaction statics. Potential energy curve scans for the ground state X~1∑~+ have been performed with B3LYP and QCISD(T), since they exhibit better performance than other methods in calculations of bond energy. We find that the potential energy calculated with QCISD(T) is about 0.5 eV larger than the bond dissociation energy, when the diatomic distance is as large as 0.8 nm. The problem that single-reference ab initio methods do not meet the dissociation limit during calculations of lanthanide heavy-metal elements is analyzed. We propose the calculation scheme to derive the analytical Murrell-Sorbie potential energy function and Dunham expansion at the equilibrium position. Spectroscopic constants obtained by the standard Dunham treatment are in good agreement with the results of rotational analyses on spectroscopic experiments. The analytical function is of much realistic importance, since it is possible to be applied to predict the transitional structure and study the reaction dynamic process.
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Two stacking manners, that is, π- and lamellar stacking, are generally found for organic semiconductors, in which the π-stacking occurs between conjugated groups and the lamellar stacking refers to the separation of the conjugat...
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Two stacking manners, that is, π- and lamellar stacking, are generally found for organic semiconductors, in which the π-stacking occurs between conjugated groups and the lamellar stacking refers to the separation of the conjugated and aliphatic moieties. The stacking principles are yet not well-defined. In this work, extended transition state–natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS–NOCV), an energy decomposition analysis, is utilized to examine the π- and lamellar stacking for a series of naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (R-NDI) crystals. The crucial role of dispersion is validated. The perception that π-stacking is merely determined by the conjugated moiety is challenged. The stacking principles are associated with the closest packing model. Nanoscopic phase separation of conjugated and aliphatic moieties and the formation of lamellar and herringbone motifs in the R-NDIs can thus be clarified. Moreover, the interactions between NDI and the alkyl chain are investigated, revealing that the interactions can be significant, being contradictory to the conventional point of view. Along with R-NDIs, additional organic crystals consisting of various conjugated functionalities and substituents are also investigated by ETS–NOCV. The sampling scope is up to 108 conjugated molecules. The dominant role of dispersion force irrespective of the variation in the conjugated moieties and substituents is further confirmed. It is envisaged that the established principles are applicable to other organic semiconductors. The perspective toward the π- and lamellar stacking might be modified, paving the way for ultimate morphological control.
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This paper reviews the current state of biomass potential studies, discusses the essential driving factors for energy crop potentials and shows the results of a scenario analysis for worldwide energy crop potentials till 2050. The...
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This paper reviews the current state of biomass potential studies, discusses the essential driving factors for energy crop potentials and shows the results of a scenario analysis for worldwide energy crop potentials till 2050. The results of previous potential estimates vary widely. A comparison of 19 different assessments showed energy crops potentials ranging from 0 EJ/yr to 1272 EJ/yr in 2050. However, relatively little information is available for the short and mid-term perspective (2020 and 2030). As an increasing demand of energy crops can be expected, the energy crop potentials for 133 individual countries are calculated on the premise that food demand takes priority. Applying a scenario approach with three different scenarios for the years 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2050 the resulting potential changes in a "business as usual" development from 27 EJ in 2010 to 96 EJ in 2050. In comparison, the "sustainable land use" scenario shows much lower potentials with 18 EJ in 2010 and 16 EJ in 2050. The "environment and health" scenario finally produces an almost stable worldwide energy crop potential in the order of 40 EJ for the investigated timeframe.
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Renewable energy is accepted as a key source for the future, not only for Turkey, but also for the world. This study investigates the potential for wind and wave power around the world and in Turkey, and provides an overview of th...
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Renewable energy is accepted as a key source for the future, not only for Turkey, but also for the world. This study investigates the potential for wind and wave power around the world and in Turkey, and provides an overview of the historical development of both energy resources. Turkey has a considerably high level of renewable energy resources that can be a part of the total energy network in the country. Wind energy has received a lot of attention lately in Turkey as one of the most promising and economically feasible technologies for clean power generation, while the number of studies conducted on wave energy is relatively lower Based on the values obtained from the latest Turkey Wind Atlas in 2002, Turkey's total theoretically available potential for wind power is found to be about 88,000 MW/yr Besides this, Turkey's wave power potential is estimated to be around 18,500 MW/yr with an average wave energy capacity of 140 billion kWh annually. These figures indicate that Turkey has considerable potential for generating electricity from wind and wave power To date, 3 wind power plants were installed with a total capacity of 18.9 MW while there is not any wave energy plants installed in the country as of yet. Taking into account the present applications, it may be concluded that wind energy in Turkey is a promising alternative. As the public recognizes the projects, the progress will continue.
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